Pneumonia
What Is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is a lung infection that inflames the air sacs, known as alveoli, in one or both lungs. These air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, leading to symptoms like cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe and is particularly dangerous for young children, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. It can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Causes of Pneumonia
Bacterial Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, but other bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also cause it.
Viral Pneumonia
Often caused by respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and, more recently, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19.
Fungal Pneumonia
Fungal pathogens like Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Cryptococcus can cause pneumonia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or those who live in areas where these fungi are common.
Aspiration Pneumonia
This type occurs when food, drink, vomit, or saliva is inhaled into the lungs, often due to swallowing difficulties or impaired consciousness.
Types of Pneumonia
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Contracted outside of healthcare settings, CAP is one of the most common forms of pneumonia.
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
Occurs in patients during a hospital stay for another illness, and it tends to be more resistant to antibiotics.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
A type of HAP, occurring in patients who are on mechanical ventilation.
Symptoms
- Cough
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Fatigue
Diagnosis
- Physical Examination
- Chest X-ray
- Blood Tests
- Sputum Culture
- Pulse Oximetry
